Access to clean and safe drinking water is a basic human right. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. This study found that people in rural areas, with older household heads, and large family sizes are significantly less likely to utilize safe drinking water sources. Households with media exposure, education, women empowerment in household purchases, and belonging to the rich segment of society are more likely to utilize safe drinking water.

Many rural farming areas are located far from a reliable electricity supply; hence, a reliable source of water for crops and livestock can prove to be an expensive venture. A water pump operating on the water-hammer effect requires no external power source and can serve as an effective means of pumping water to a higher altitude once a reliable supply is available. The small hammer-head pump was designed to operate on the hammer-head effect created by the sudden stoppage of a flowing fluid.