Articles | Volume 14, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-14-53-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-14-53-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Can terminal settling velocity and drag of natural particles in water ever be predicted accurately?
Onno J. I. Kramer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
Department of Process and Energy, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB, Delft, the Netherlands
Waternet, P.O. Box 94370, 1090 GJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Institute for Life Science and Chemistry, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, P.O. Box 12011, 3501 AA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Peter J. de Moel
Omnisys VOF, Eiberlaan 23, 3871 TG, Hoevelaken, the Netherlands
Shravan K. R. Raaghav
Department of Process and Energy, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB, Delft, the Netherlands
Eric T. Baars
Waternet, P.O. Box 94370, 1090 GJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Wim H. van Vugt
Institute for Life Science and Chemistry, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, P.O. Box 12011, 3501 AA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Wim-Paul Breugem
Department of Process and Energy, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB, Delft, the Netherlands
Johan T. Padding
Department of Process and Energy, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB, Delft, the Netherlands
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
Waternet, P.O. Box 94370, 1090 GJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sedimentation of a spherical particle in a rheopectic fluid: A numerical study D. Rezaee https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0257998
- Three-Dimensional Settling Dynamics of Environmental Microplastics J. Lofty et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c12960
- Assimilating Size Diversity: Population Balance Equations Applied to the Modeling of Microplastic Transport N. Shettigar et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02223
- An Integrated Methodology for Novel Algorithmic Modeling of Non-Spherical Particle Terminal Settling Velocities and Comprehensive Digital Image Analysis K. Yetilmezsoy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223268
- An experimental study of flow–structure interaction regimes of a freely falling flexible cylinder M. Lorite-Díez et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.540
- The Shapes and Sizes of Macroplastics and Other Litter in Rivers J. Lofty et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c13126
- Tuning particle settling in fluids with magnetic fields F. Cabrera-Booman et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03809-w
- Predicting the settling velocity of solid particles using machine learning M. Rahman et al. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2025-0168
- New model for predicting terminal settling velocity and drag coefficient of the Oncomelania X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1051392
- A universal drag model for liquid-solid fluidization: Experiment, data-driven modeling, CFD modeling and simulation G. Zhou & L. Xie https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2024.120335
- Development of a drag coefficient model for non-spherical particles using semi-empirical and machine learning approaches R. Karthiga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2026.105323
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sedimentation of a spherical particle in a rheopectic fluid: A numerical study D. Rezaee https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0257998
- Three-Dimensional Settling Dynamics of Environmental Microplastics J. Lofty et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c12960
- Assimilating Size Diversity: Population Balance Equations Applied to the Modeling of Microplastic Transport N. Shettigar et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02223
- An Integrated Methodology for Novel Algorithmic Modeling of Non-Spherical Particle Terminal Settling Velocities and Comprehensive Digital Image Analysis K. Yetilmezsoy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223268
- An experimental study of flow–structure interaction regimes of a freely falling flexible cylinder M. Lorite-Díez et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.540
- The Shapes and Sizes of Macroplastics and Other Litter in Rivers J. Lofty et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c13126
- Tuning particle settling in fluids with magnetic fields F. Cabrera-Booman et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03809-w
- Predicting the settling velocity of solid particles using machine learning M. Rahman et al. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2025-0168
- New model for predicting terminal settling velocity and drag coefficient of the Oncomelania X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1051392
- A universal drag model for liquid-solid fluidization: Experiment, data-driven modeling, CFD modeling and simulation G. Zhou & L. Xie https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2024.120335
- Development of a drag coefficient model for non-spherical particles using semi-empirical and machine learning approaches R. Karthiga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2026.105323
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Jun 2026
Short summary
Our work investigates the settling behaviour of natural granules applied in drinking water treatment plants. We show that these natural granules have a tendency to show a considerably large deviation in terms of their settling velocity; this is contrary to what many velocity prediction models assume. In the current work, we present and discuss the factors which contribute to the observed deviation in drag and settling velocity. It connects full-scale operations and research.
Our work investigates the settling behaviour of natural granules applied in drinking water...